Using of Fish Pathological Alterations to Assess Aquatic Pollution: A Review
نویسندگان
چکیده
Using of fish pathology is well established as an essential section of the set of ‘biomarkers’ applied in biological effects of variety pollutants monitoring programs in Europe such as International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES). Use of histopathological techniques allows investigators to examine specific target organs and cells as they are affected by exposure to environmental chemicals. Moreover, it offers a means of detecting acute and chronic harmful effects of exposure in the tissues and organs of individual animals. This review provides a general evaluation of the main pathological alterations reported in fish exposed to contaminants.
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